Business Research Individual Work 1 Week 6 Essay

Business Research Individual Work 1 Week 6 - Essay Example However, sales promotions are commonly used when a business urgently needs to shorten the life cycle exhibited by a certain product or when there is the need to increase the usage of a certain product (Soguero-Ruiz et al, 2012). According to business experts who have sought to analyze the effect of different marketing strategies, sales promotions have exhibited both long term and short term effects. Understanding these types of effects is critical to any business as there is a salient need to assess the effect of the sales promotion carried out. In the specific case of a tissue manufacturer, ranking fourth in the market share, it needs to understand the potential effect of sales promotion activities. According to the plans of the company, two types of coupons are to be tested in the months of November and December. A fifty cents-off coupon would be implemented in November in two identified stores, namely St. Louis and Kansas City. In December, the company would experiment with a â€Å"buy one, get one free† coupon. In a bid to establish both the long term and the short term effects of the two coupons, the tissue manufacturer would need to carry out an appropriate experiment. Experts in this field have sought to describe effective methodologies of assessing the effects of sales promotions on sales (Magee, 2003). One of the effective methodologies that have been described is the use of data scanners in the target stores that would provide a database of all the sales of the intended brand. This methodology would be effective in the case of the tissue manufacturer. In the month of November, data scanners would be used to keep records of sales in the target stores. The same would happen when testing the â€Å"buy one get one free† coupon in December. After the data collection process, the analysis would follow. In the experiment to be carried out, the fifty cent-off coupon as well as

Prediction Of Cutting Forces In Broaching Operation Commerce Essay

Prediction Of Cutting Forces In Broaching Operation Commerce Essay According to variety of workpiece profiles in broaching, the geometry of cutting edge varies from simple line to very complicated curves. Wide range of cutting edge geometry in broaching imposes complexity to the distribution of the chip load along the cutting edge. Hence, prediction of cutting forces in broaching is not as simple as other machining processes. Due to this complexity, introducing an applicable force model for all of the orthogonal and oblique broaching cutters can be problematic. In this paper, an attempt is made to present a new force model for broaching. The newly proposed force model expresses the cutting edge as a B-spline parametric curve and uses their flexibility to calculate the chip load as well as cutting forces for orthogonal and oblique broaching. Verified by experimental results, the presented model has a great capability to simulate broaching cutter geometry along with cutting forces and it can be applied for the entire broaching cutters. 1. Introduction Broaching is a powerful process for the production of complex internal and external profiles. As a machining process, it is commonly used for the machining of a broad range of profiles such as keyways, guide ways, holes and fir-tree slots on turbine discs. Broaching has considerable advantages in comparison to other machining processes. Roughing, semi finishing and finishing of a complex profiles can be done in one stroke of the machine which would require many passes in other conventional processes such as turning, milling, slot milling, etc. It can also produce parts with high surface quality and high geometrical and dimensional tolerances in one stroke. Since the number of simultaneously engaged cutting edges with the workpiece is higher than the other cutting tools, the chip load on each of them will be smaller and tool life is distinctively longer in comparison to other machining processes such as milling and turning [1]. It can be also mentioned that broaching machines are not as complicated as CNC milling or CNC turning machines and thus considered as a simple operation that requires not a highly skilled operator. In other commonly used machining processes such as milling and turning, final geometry of workpiece is generated by combination of tool and workpiece motion and there is no similarity between final geometry of workpiece and cutting tool geometry. In broaching, the geometry of machined part is derived directly by the inversion of broaching cutter geometry. Therefore unlike other machining processes, broaching cutters have a wide range of geometries as well as parts. Consequently, chip load has a complicated non-uniform 2D or 3D geometry depending on the profile complexity of workpiece. A unique feature of broaching operation is that it is not possible to change any of the cutting parameters during process but the cutting speed. That is because all other cutting parameters such as feed, depth of cut and width of cut are built in features of broac hing tool geometry which makes the tool design the most important aspect of broaching. Although broaching is well defined in industry, just a limited number of researches have reported work in the open literatures. In 1960 Monday [2] presents the most comprehensive source on broaching. A detailed description of broaching technology can be found in his book. Kokmeyer [3] edited collection of works on broaching representing the usefulness of the process. Gilormini et al. [4] analyzed the cutting forces on a single broaching and compared them to the forces in slotting and tapping process. Terry et al. [1] presented a system for optimal design of broaching tools. They presented the factors that affect productivity in broaching and explained the design constraints, their importance and how they are selected. Finite element was used to predict the tooth deflection and experimental data in order to create the general rules for designing. Sutherland et al. [5] presented a force model for broaching based on the oblique analysis to determine the forces in the gear broaching proc ess. Their model showed the relationship between contact area, chip load and cutting force. Sajeev et al. [6, 7] investigated the effects of broaching parameters on the tool and workpiece deflections and the final shape of the broached geometry. Budak [8] examined the performance of broaching tools used for broaching of waspaloy turbine discs with fir-tree profile based on the monitoring of force and power. It has been demonstrated that for most of the investigated tools, the load distribution among the broaching sections were non-uniform resulting in uneven wear. Recently Ozturk and Budak [9, 10] performed Finite Element Analysis to calculate the stresses in the broaching tool during the cutting process. The developed model is used to simulate the broaching process and predict the generated stresses in the tool to improve the tool design. He studied fir-tree profiles, simulated the broaching process forces and the tool stresses to improve the tool design. Later Kokturk and Budak [1 1, 12] performed an optimization on the geometry of the broaching tool cutting edges. In their study the cutting conditions are changed until they can satisfy the preset constraint. They also used the optimized conditions to improve the broaching process. Yussefian et al. [13] applied B-Spline parametric curves in modeling of boring process. Recently Hosseini and Kishawy [14] presented a general force model for orthogonal broaching using B-spline interpolation of cutting edge. By taking geometric flexibility of B-spline curves, their model was capable of modeling any arbitrary orthogonal broaching cutting edge geometry as well as computing the chip load for various cutting conditions. This paper proposes a 3D general force model for the broaching process. The proposed force model is capable of modelling of three force components using B-Spline interpolation of the cutting edge. Each cutting edge is first modeled by B-Spline parametric curves then the chip load is calculated by integ ration of area between two successive edges. The proposed force model for orthogonal and oblique broaching can calculate the chip load for any arbitrary geometry of cutting edge from the simplest to the most complicated. The proposed method is used to calculate the generated forces and the results are compared to the measured data. 2. Broaching tool geometry Broaching tool is a straight multi tooth cutter in which several cutting edges engage with the workpiece simultaneously and each tooth removes a portion of material from workpiece surface. Broaching cutter has a tapered flat or round profile with a series of teeth on its surface [4]. Each successive tooth in a broaching tool is higher than the preceding one to perform the cutting action and remove material from workpiece surface. Broaching cutters in their general form can be geometrically divided into three categories of teeth, namely, roughing, semi-finishing and finishing teeth. Roughing teeth remove the bulk of material from workpiece, semi finishing teeth produce the basic surface finish (surface quality), and finishing teeth provide the final surface finish and set geometrical and dimensional tolerances [4]. Figure (1) shows a typical broaching cutting tool. Figure 1: Schematic view of broaching tool Normally the maximum rise per tooth in broaching tool belongs to the roughing teeth which perform the major part of metal removal. The rate of rising per tooth slightly decreases in semi finishing teeth as they only remove a small portion of material from workpiece surface to improve the dimensional accuracy and surface quality. In the finishing part, all of the teeth have the same height. These teeth are not cutting teeth and they provide the desired surface quality and adjust the geometrical and dimensional tolerances in the predefined range. Figure (2) illustrates the general mechanism of cutting in broaching. Figure 2: Mechanism of cutting in broaching When broaching cutter is accurately designed, broaching process can be faster and more accurate than many other machining processes. Although the initial cost of establishing for a broaching process is comparatively higher than that of other cutting processes, the production cost is commonly low because of the high production rates and the long tool life. Figure (3) presents some of the important geometrical parameters of broaching cutting tool. Figure 3: Broaching tool geometry In figure (3), and are rake angle, clearance (relief) angle, tooth height and land length respectively. The rake angle and clearance angle can be selected based on workpiece material. The rake angle is usually selected between to and clearance angle is usually selected between to [12]. The total length of the tool and number of simultaneously engaged cutting edges can be determined by the pitch length which is a linear distance between two successive cutting edges. Based on some previously conducted research [10, 12, 15], it is concluded that it is preferable to have at least two cutting edges in cut to have a dynamically stable cutting. Another geometric feature of broaching tool is gullet space which is the empty space between two following teeth. The main advantage of gullet space is to retain the chip during cutting until the tooth leaves the workpiece. Once the broaching tool engages with the workpiece, chip is captured between tool and workpiece and it is maintained there until each tooth finishes the cut and leaves the workpiece. Small gullet space may cause tool breakage because of no space to keep the removed chip. It can also lead to poor surface finish due to rubbing of removed chip to the machined surface. If the gullet space is chosen too large it makes the tool very slender and decreases the tool strength and stability. According to the above mentioned reasons, it is very important to design the gullet space accurately to achieve acceptable space and dynamic stability simultaneously. In order to perform a reasonable design it is necessary to have a good understanding of cutting forces during machining p rocess. If the force model can predict the cutting force truthfully the result of force simulation can be used as an input for design and optimization process. 3. Mechanics of metal cutting in broaching Similar to almost all of the cutting processes, the cutting force in broaching can be expressed generally by three differential components which are directly related to chip load area and the contact length between cutting edge and workpiece such that [16]: (1) Figure (4) depicts the main features of oblique broaching and shows the force components generated during the chip removal process. Figure 4: Mechanics of oblique broaching In equations (1), is the differential component of tangential force, is the differential component of feed force and is the differential component of radial force. and are chip thickness and length of the cut for infinitesimal element along the cutting edge respectively. and are cutting and edge constants while the subscript refer to the tangential, feed and radial directions. Similar to the other cutting mechanics, the radial component of force appears only during oblique broaching when cutting edge has an inclination angle with the cutting direction. The total tangential, feed and radial component of cutting force for each edge can be calculated by integrating of those components along the cutting edge. Equation (2) shows the force integration along the cutting edge from the start to the end of engagement. (2) In equation (2), represents a differential element of chip area which is removed by the cutting edge. Equation (2) can be written in this format: (3) In the above equation, is chip load along the cutting edge and is length of engagement between cutting edge and workpiece. Figure (5) demonstrates the infinitesimal element of cutting edge, chip load and contact length for an arbitrary fir tree broaching tool. Figure 5: Infinitesimal element of cutting edge Since the chip load may vary along the broaching edge, it must be segmented into elements for which local thickness can be assumed constant. The geometry of chip along the broaching cutting edge is complicated however, since there is no relative motion between successive edges the chip load remains constant. The common approach for simulation of cutting forces is dividing the cutting edge to infinitesimal elements and calculating the area for each element separately. If total chip area can be calculated, cutting forces are obtained without the need for dividing the edge to elements. However, due to the variety and the complexity of cutting edge profiles in broaching, it is difficult to express the edge by an explicit function. Hence, calculation of the above integration in equation (3) is not a straight forward procedure. Representing the broaching cutting edge by B-Spline curves is a powerful way to express the geometry with parametric relations which makes integration and derivatio n along the edge much easier process. 4. Cutting edge interpolation by B-spline parametric curves A series of data point can be obtained by collecting the coordinates for each point along the cutting edge using inspection method such as CMM, digitizing or laser scanning. The desired B-Spline of degree p defined by control points passes through all those data points and expresses the cutting edge by a parametric curve. This parametric representation of the cutting edge can be easily appllied to perform derivation and integration along the edge to find the chip load area and the total engagement length. The interpolated B-spline cutting edge of degree p can be expressed as below [17-19]: (4) Where is interpolating B-Spline curve of degree p, is control points which control the geometry of curve and is B-spline Basis functions which can be computed by: (5) In equation (5), is a B-spline knot which belongs to the knot vector of . The equation (4) has unknown control points. For this reason, it is necessary to have a parameter like to relate the control points to the data points. Since parameter corresponds to data point , plugging into the above equation yields the following [19]: (6) There are n+1 B-spline basis functions and parameters in equation (6). Substituting t in to , these values can be organized in a matrix N as shown as below: (7) Data points and control points can be expressed in similar way: (8) And (9) In equation (9) matrix D is input data points which are represents the points along the cutting edge and matrix N can be obtained by evaluating B-spline basis functions at the given parameters [19]. D and N both are known and the only unknown parameter is matrix P. Equation (9) is a system of linear equations with unknown P, solving for P yields the control points and the desired B-spline interpolation curve becomes available. Figure (6) shows control points and desired interpolated broaching cutting edge using B-spline curves. Figure 6: B-spline interpolation of cutting edge 5. Calculation of chip load and contact length In orthogonal broaching, all of the cutting edges are parallel together and perpendicular to the cutter axis therefore the third column of matrixes and in equation (8) are zero and only two parameters of and in equation (4) is needed to represent the cutting edge. Figures (7a) and (7b) depicts a typical Cartesian coordinates in orthogonal and oblique broaching. (a) Orthogonal broaching (b) Oblique broaching Figure 7: Cartesian coordinates In contrast with orthogonal broaching in which all teeth are perpendicular to the cutter axis, in oblique broaching cutting edges have an oblique angle with cutter axis but they are still parallel to each other. In this case , , and all of the coordinates in the third column of matrixes and are non zero. B-spline interpolation of 3D curves is possible but little bit time consuming so it is preferable to transform the 3D to 2D and use the same method for 3D after transformation. Coordinates of point in Cartesian coordinates can be expressed by in plane as follows: (10) The above transformation can be done for all of cutting edge data points and in the new coordinate system matrixes is as follows: (11) Once matrix presented in new coordinate system the interpolation process can be done the same as previous method for 2D curves. As soon as the cutting edge is presented by B-Spline curves, chip area and cutting length for each cutting edge can be calculated directly from B-Spline equations as follows [13]: (12) Where indicate start of the cut, end of the cut, current cutting edge and previous cutting edge respectively. Equation (12) has two coordinate parameters and it is applicable for calculation of chip load and contact length for orthogonal and oblique broaching. 6. Cutting forces simulation In order to compare the presented geometric model with a real case, a broach cutter was selected and its cutting edges were modeled using B-Spline curves. The geometry of cutter was chosen based on previously presented research by Kokturk [12] to validate the newly proposed model capability. Figure (8) demonstrates the cutter geometry. Figure 8: Cutter geometry The geometrical features of cutting edge can be found in table (1) [12]. Table 1: Geometry of broaching cutter [12] In the next step, selected cutting edges were interpolated using proposed approach. Similar to other interpolation methods, B-Spline interpolation is sensitive to the number of data points. Increasing the number of data points yields a better accuracy but it makes the running time of the algorithm longer. Decreasing the number of data points, accelerate the algorithm but it has a negative effect on the accuracy. It has been shown that smooth parts of the curve are not very sensitive to the number of data points because inaccuracy occurs in the sharp corners where the curve direction changes suddenly. As a result, it would be better to use more data points at the sharp corners and less data point at the other parts to increase the accuracy and time efficiency of the algorithm simultaneously. Figures (9a) and (9b) show the B-Spline presentation of two successive cutting edges. (a) B-spline representation of the first cutting edge (b) B-spline representation of the second cutting edge Figure 9: B-spline representation of two successive cutting edges It can be seen from the above figures that B-Spline curve follows the data point at the sharp corner with high accuracy. 7. Results and discussion Figure (10) shows the final geometry of workpiece. Cutting conditions and force coefficients which are used in simulation can be found in table (2). Figure 10: Final workpiece geometry Table 2: Cutting conditions [12] 5 Since the cutting edge without oblique angle doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t have radial component of cutting force it was assumed that for this special case. The edge coefficients of cutting force are always very small in comparison to cutting coefficients so it has been assumed that , and are negligible. Figure 11: Simulated and experimental cutting forces for orthogonal broaching Figure 12: Simulated and experimental resultant force for orthogonal broaching Figure 13: Simulated and experimental cutting forces for oblique broaching Figure 14: Simulated and experimental resultant force for oblique broaching It can be seen from figures (11) to (14) that the results of newly proposed model are in good agreement with the previously published results [12]. Since there is no oblique angle in orthogonal broaching the cutting edge engaged with workpiece suddenly with full length so there is a jump in force diagram when each tooth engaged with workpiece. Due to presence of oblique angle in oblique broaching the tooth engaged with workpiece smoothly so the cutting forces rise gradually from zero to its final value. Also, in oblique broaching, fluctuation of cutting forces in the steady state part of the cutting is less than orthogonal one because when one of the teeth leaving the workpiece another one engages smoothly but the average force is higher because of longer contact length. 8. Conclusion In this paper, a force model is developed to simulate the cutting forces in orthogonal and oblique broaching using B-spline representation of the cutting edge. The new model can interpolate broaching tool cutting edge without any limitations which offer the simulation of cutting forces for any desired input geometry. In order to validate the new force model, the predicted cutting forces are compared to previously measured data [12]. The comparison showed a good agreement in both measured and predicted data for orthogonal and oblique broaching. The simulated cutting forces can be used to have a better understanding of process and optimize the geometric features of broaching cutter to achieve more efficient cutting which is under investigation of authors. Acknowledgment The authors acknowledge the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) for their support to the project.

An Analysis of H.G. Wells The Invisible Man :: Invisible Man Essays

An Analysis of H.G. Wells' The Invisible Man "The stranger came early in February, one wintry day, through a biting wind and a driving snow. He was wrapped from head to foot, and the brim of his soft felt hat hid every inch of his face but the shiny tip of his nose. He staggered into the Coach and Horses (an Inn in Ipling), more dead than alive"(p.11) The stranger was the invisible man. The Invisible Man was written by H.G. Wells, and published in 1964. The invisible man is a dynamic character who was changed by society. He seemed to start out as a quiet man who didn't like to be disturbed. Things that some of the people did made him angry to the point that at the end he was killing people for no apparent reason. In the beginning I wanted the people to leave the Invisible Man alone, but by the end he needed to be killed. Before he made himself invisible, he was an albino. His name was Griffen, and he was living in a rented place, where he would conduct his experiments. He kept getting pissed off at his landlord, who was constantly bothering Griffen. With the landlord always around, Griffen was always afraid that someone would figure out how he was making things transparent. He thought that becoming invisible was a utopian idea, and he didn't want someone stealing his idea. Griffen was so stuck on his invention that he didn't take the time to think the whole thing out. He comes across as a nervous character at this point in the story. The landlord made him very angry and he decided to run the experiment on himself. Once he was invisible, he destroyed his machine, and because he was so angry he burned the house down. As he walked the streets he was leaving muddy footprints. Some boys saw the footprints and the ghostly feet that made them. Immediately, the boys drew a crowd and started chasing the feet. This made him cautious, and he realized that it wasn't going to be easy to stay invisible. He needed clothes and shelter, so he went to a department store where he thought he could steal clothes after they closed. He needed to be visible to get his money and his books. His plan didn't work so well and he had to leave with nothing. He finally got some clothes by knocking out the owner of a costume shop and stealing what he needed.

International Relations Glossary

A form of political organization under which a relatively homogeneous people Inhabits a sovereign state Sovereignty Denotes a single, supreme political decision-making authority. In early modern Europe the Monarch was the Sovereign. In modern states sovereignty tends to lie with the executive arm of government. A controversial term, sovereignty relies on authority, not power. That is, the sovereign claims the right or authority to decide matters of interest to the state, even if it cannot control everything that occurs within its territory. MedievalOf or relating to the period of European history from about A. D. 500 to about 1500. Feudalism Feudalism was the medieval model of government predating the birth of the modern nation-state. Feudal society is a military hierarchy in which a ruler or lord offers mounted fighters a fief (medieval beneficial), a unit of land to control in exchange for a military service. The individual who accepted this land became a vassal, and the man who gr anted the land become known as his liege or his lord. Individualism A social theory advocating the liberty, rights or Independent action of the Individual.Liberalism A political theory that prizes Individual freedom. It believes Individuals should be free to do as they please, without the interference of others. So long as they don not harm or limit the freedom of others. In IR it has tended to focus on the development of international law, the spread of democracy and the expansion of free trade, in which Emmanuel Kant is one of the leading theorists. Communitarian's A political theory that emphasizes individuals' attachments to the community in which they grew up.The communities in which we grow up are thought to be the resource of moral values. Communitarian's adopts the ethical position that a person's moral obligations are always first and foremost members of our own community and that they cannot be extended beyond that communities boundaries. Liberal Internationalism Woodrow W ilson, thus sometimes being referred to as Williamson'. Wilson suggested that the cause of instability and conflict was the â€Å"undemocratic nature of international politics†, particularly in regards to foreign policy and the balance of power.Having identified the cause of conflict, it is possible to suggest that the aims of Iberia internationalism are expanding democratic practices and free trade, defending democracy from its rivals while protecting and promoting human rights. Harmony of interests The idealist concept of the harmony of interests is based on the notion that human beings can rationally recognize that they have some interests in common, and that cooperation is therefore possible. Democratic Peace Theory The theory that democratic states do not fight war against each other.A good amount of empirical evidence has been collected indicating that war has never been fought teen two stable democracies. Closely associated with Michael Doyle. International Institution s International institutions be defined as relatively stable sets of related constitutive, regulative, and procedural norms and rules that pertain to the international system, the actors in the system (including states as well as non-state entities), and their activities. Interdependence The mutual dependence developed among states by utilizing new technologies and through the growth of international cross-border commerce. Communication and travel.A term used before globalization became popular. Anarchy The absence of rule or government. In international relations it does not mean disorder and chaos. Power Classically defined as the ability to get an actor to do what they would otherwise not do. This is power in the sense of domination or power over others. But power can also be thought of in terms of capability or power to do or act. Realist theories hold the belief that international relations are a constant struggle for power, usually defined by material terms. National Interest A notoriously plastic term that refers to the states foreign policy aims.The national interest is said to be the same regardless of the government in power, but different governments will hold different ideological agendas and priorities, meaning that national interest will change accordingly. Refers to a mechanism that operates to prevent one state from achieving such a preponderance of power that it is in a position to lay down and enforce the law over all such others. Central to realist theories, it can be viewed as the deliberate product of foreign policies, or as the unintended consequence of several states seeking to protect themselves.In any case, states align with others to counter-balance the growth in another's power, seeking to preserve international order and a degree of equilibrium. International Community vs. international system An international system exists when two or more states have sufficient contact with each other that they become conscious of existing in the same environment and conscious of the need to consider other states interests and capabilities in the pursuit of their own interests.Globalization The stretching and intensification of social and economic relations across the globe dad possible by new communication and computer technologies and advances in transport. It is thought by many to inaugurate an unprecedented degree of global interconnectedness, although some deny its novelty by pointing to similar levels of interdependence in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Still others criticism globalization for being a vehicle of inalienable theory. Non-state Actor An actor not part of the official state or governmental apparatuses.Non-governmental organizations Specializes not-for-profit non-state actors that seek to raise consciousness and hanged the activities of governments and populations on a variety of issues. Nooks have proliferated over the last century, advocating and lobbying on issues such as human rights, landmines, poverty, animal rights and the environment, among many others. Civil Society Simply refers to those who act in international politics but are not a member or representative of any particular state. Social Movements. Denotes some kind of collective action, driven by a particular set of social concerns and emerging from society at large.Modernity A modern way of thinking, working etc. The schism between domestic and international politics in international relations. The clash of civilizations The cause of conflict in the 21st century will not be political or economic, but cultural. Different cultures have different ways of organizing society and this will be the cause of conflict. He cites Western, Slavic Orthodox, Hindu, Islamic, Japanese, Latin America, African and Confucian as the main civilizations. Cosmopolitan Democracy Cosmopolitan democracy is a political theory which explores the application of norms and values of democracy at different levels, from global to local .It is about what global governance of the people, by the people, for the people can mean. Asian Century The dominant role that could be played by Asia in the 21st century, because of its growing economic clout and global demographic trends. â€Å"Asian Century† as a theme, has gained credence following the rapid economic growth of China and India since the asses, which has propelled them to the top ranks of the world's biggest economies Mercantilism The main economic system used during the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries.The main goal was to increase a nation's wealth by imposing government regulation uncovering all of the nation's commercial interests. It was believed that national strength could be maximized by limiting imports via tariffs and maximizing exports. North-south gap The North-South divide is broadly considered a socio-economic and political divide. Generally, definitions of the Global North include the United States, Canada, developed parts of Europe, and Ea st Asia. The Global South is made up of Africa, Latin America, and developing Asia including the Middle East.Unilateralism An approach to economics and social studies in which control of economic factors is hefted from the public sector to the private sector. Drawing upon principles of neoclassical economics, unilateralism suggests that governments reduce deficit spending, limit subsidies, reform tax law to broaden the tax base, remove fixed exchange rates, open up markets to trade by limiting protectionism, privative state- run businesses, allow private property and back deregulation.Focuses on the interplay between political power and economic forces from the national through to the international and global level, whilst also taking account Based on liberal theories of economics, 1944 saw the meeting of 44 states at Breton Woods, where the new economic order was constructed and the multilateral institutions of the WEB, MIFF and GAIT were established.Hegemony Domination by a great power and its allies Washington Consensus This is the set of 10 policies that the US government and the international financial institutions based in the US capital believed were necessary elements of â€Å"first stage policy reform† that all countries should adopt to increase economic growth. At its heart is an emphasis on the importance of macroeconomic stability and integration onto the international economy – in other words a neo-liberal view of globalization.Rationalization The process of dividing an area into smaller segments called regions. One of the more obvious examples of rationalization is the division of a nation into states or provinces. 1951 Refugee Convention The 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees is the key legal document in defining who is a refugee, their rights and the legal obligations of states. UN Declaration of Human Rights (1948) The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is an international document that states Asia rights and f undamental freedoms to which all human beings are entitled.Negative Rights and Positive Rights Positive Rights are rights that can only be enjoyed through positive intervention on the part of government, often linked to the idea of freedom to', whilst negative rights are rights that are enjoyed by virtue of the inactivity of others, particularly government, and are often seen as freedoms from'. Resurrections The application of values and theories drawn from European culture, to other groups or peoples, implying a biased or distorted viewpoint.

Minimum Legal Drinking Age Essay

Do you believe the drinking age should be lowered to allow eighteen year olds to consume alcohol, or should the legal age to drink alcoholic beverages stay at the age of twenty-one? Prior to 1984 you were, once you turned eighteen, in most states permitted to purchase alcohol. It was completely up to the state government. At age 18 they are legally an adult, and can therefore abide by their own rules and if they make a bad decision they have to pay the price. Why is it that as an adult you are permitted to purchase rifles, tobacco products, you can vote, enlist in the military, go to a casino, get a tattoo, body piercings, get married and even work in a bar but you can’t buy or consume alcohol? When you think of alcohol and eighteen year-olds what generally pops into mind is underage drinking, binge drinking, wild parties and date rape. But that is only the view of the irresponsible side of drinking, just as there is an irresponsible side of drinking at age twenty-one. At age eighteen you should be allowed to purchase or consume alcohol as you please, because you are legally an adult and responsible for your own actions. The Minimum Legal Drinking Age should be lowered to age eighteen. When you turn eighteen in the United States of America you are legally considered an adult. Until the 1984 Minimum Legal Drinking Age act you were allowed (at least in some states) to buy alcohol when you wanted. Subsequently to the passing of that law every state was forced to raise their minimum age to twenty-one. One of the men who voted for the 1984 Minimum Legal Drinking Age act, Morris E. Chafetz, stated that he â€Å"voted for it; it doesn’t work† and goes on to say that â€Å"it is the single most regrettable decision of my entire professional career†: â€Å"The reality is that at age 18 in this country, one is a legal adult. Young people view 21 as utterly arbitrary- which it is. And because the explanation given is so condescending- because they lack maturity and judgment, these same people who can serve on juries and sign contracts and who turned out in overwhelming numbers to elect our first black president- well they dont buy it. And neither do I.† (Chafetz 554-555) The Unites States military is one of the largest in the world, and has many bases and various stations throughout the entire world. At the age of 18 you must (if you are male) sign up for selective service (the draft) and you are eligible to enlist in the military regardless of your gender. Why is it that you can deploy to another country, fight for your country, get shot, lose limbs and have the memories of that with you for the rest of your life, but you can’t purchase alcohol? If you are old enough to risk your life to fight for your country and fight for the freedoms of this country then you should be able to go buy a beer at the bar with your buddies. Jeff Rainforth, a man who ran for congress, said that â€Å"Since the age was raised, many young adults have drunk more abusively than in the past. Like national Prohibition, it was been counter-productive. Raising the drinking age brought about more problems than it solved.† and went on to say that he recommends that is the legal drinking age was not lowered he recommends that military members can not go to combat until age 21. John McCardell, who founded and is now the director of an organization that exists to lower the drinking age back to eighteen, and also started the â€Å"Amethyst Initiative† talks about his solution to the problem. McCardell has credibility on this topic due to the fact that he is a former college professor and president, and is now a vice-chancellor at the University of the South, who has personally seen the way teenagers on a college campus drink and has an idea what will help with this issue. He says â€Å"Alcohol education is what we need.† This would make teenagers aware of the harms of drinking alcohol and reduce the amount of binge drinking that goes on. Lowering the drinking age would teach teenagers moderation. If they are drinking in a controlled setting where they are allowed to drink and don’t have to hide it, they will be more likely to casually drink. McCardell says that the 1984 Minimum Legal Drinking Age law was â€Å"an abysmal failure; it hasn’t reduced or eliminated drinking, it simply driven it underground, behind closed doors, into the most risky and least manageable of settings.† In the â€Å"60 minutes† interview with CBS, the Boulder, Colorado Chief of Police, Mark Beckner is also an advocate for lowering the drinking age to eighteen. He says that â€Å"we can’t stop it. The best we can do is try to contain it.† According to the 2010 National Survey on Drug use and Health, driving under the influence of alcohol was associated with age. The age group with the highest number of infractions(including wrecks) was the twenty-one to twenty-five year-old group at 23.4% of infractions being drunk/having been drinking as opposed to only 15.1% in the eighteen-twenty year-old group and a mere 5.8% in sixteen and seventeen year-olds. As far as fatal crashes go, the highest percent of drunk drivers that were involved in a fatal car crash was the group of 21-24 year olds. 25-34 year olds came in at 30%, 35-44 at 24% and all fatal car crashes of individuals that were above age 44 and below age 21 was only 14%. Driving under the influence of alcohol was associated with age in 2010. The rate was highest among persons aged 21 to 25 (23.4 percent). An estimated 5.8 percent of 16 or 17 year olds and 15.1 percent of 18 to 20 year olds reported driving under the influence of alcohol in the past year. Beyond age 25, these rates showed a general decline with increasing age. Many other western have long had a much more lenient attitude toward alcohol and alcoholic beverages. Many have set their Minimum Legal Drinking Age at 18, some at 16 and some do not even have a Minimum Legal Drinking Age. In many countries, such as Germany, there are very few drunk driving incidents whatsoever. In these countries parents often consume alcoholic beverages with their children, including beer or wine(in countries like France). By the time Europeans are allowed to drive they have been educated on the effects of alcohol and have been consuming alcohol for several years. Safe alcohol consumption should the same way as safe sex practices and drivers education classes. No one us naà ¯ve enough to think that teenagers will practice abstinence to avoid sexual encounters only in order to avoid a sexually transmitted disease, so why are people foolish enough to believe that teens will avoid alcohol just due to it’s dangers? Lowering the Minimum Legal Drinking Age will cause the teens who drink to rebel against their authorities to not drink as much due to it not being rebellious. Until a solution is agreed upon about whether the drinking age should be lowered, or stay at the age of 21, this will remain a controversial topic. Using these strategies in this essay works well to effectively persuade every single viewer that underage drinking is in fact a problem, and is attributed to the current law not allowing people to buy or consume alcohol under the age of 21. Because of the problems that are created because of this current law, it would be in this country’s best interest to lower the drinking age. This would prevent an increased number of alcohol related deaths due to underage binge drinking in the future. These are just a few of the reasons that the Minimum Legal Drinking Age act of 1984 should be repealed and the Minimum Legal Drinking Age should be at age 18. Works Cited Chafetz, Morris E. â€Å"The 21-Year-Old Drinking Age: I Voted For It; It Doesn’t Work.† Good Reasons With Contemporary Arguments. Eds. Lester Faigley and Jack Selzer. Boston: Longman, 2012. 554-555. Print McCardell, John. â€Å"A Drinking Age of 21 Doesn’t Work.† Good Reasons With Contemporary Arguments. Eds. Lester Faigley and Jack Selzer. Boston: Longman, 2012. 550-553. Print. â€Å"Issue in Focus: Drinking on College Campuses.† Good Reasons With Contemporary Arguments. Eds. Lester Faigley and Jack Selzer. Boston: Longman, 2012. 548-550. Print. CBSNews. (2010, March 01). The debate on lowering the drinking age. Retrieved from http://www.cbsnews.com/2100-18560_162-4813571.html-

Education Era Essay Example

Education Era Essay Example Education Era Essay Education Era Essay Eras and Periods in U.S. Education The Colonial Period Major event: 1762 Rousseau publishes Lâ„ ¢Emile ou de lâ„ ¢education introducing humanistic philosophy into education. Johann Pestalozzi puts the theory into practice. The Early National Period Major event:1779 â€Å" Jefferson proposes the establishment of common schools through a bill that would provide all children with 3 years of free education. The Common School Movement Major event: 1821 â€Å" Boston establishes the first public high school to remedy the inadequacies of an elementary school only education for children that could not afford the private academies. The Progressive Era Major event: 1895 â€Å" First achievement test devised. Joseph Rice devised a test designed to be standardized for eight grade students. The Modern Era Major event: 1965 â€Å" Elementary and Secondary Education Act â€Å" Authorizes school grants for children from low-income families, funding resources, materials and training. The events I have selected collectively reflect a movement aimed at bringing education, especially higher level education, to all people regardless of their financial abilities. Of all the events I have chosen, I believe the most significant to be the 1821 establishment of the first public high school. The significance of this event is in the purpose behind it. The high school was established not only to bring higher level education to those that could not afford the private academies, but also to provide a higher quality education. In fact it was the inadequate quality of the public education that triggered the establishment of this school. When Jefferson signed into law the bill that established 3 years of public funding for all children, the focus was on the funding and ensuring that education was available to all children. This was a wonderful step forward because it made education available to those that previously could not afford it. However the bill lacked the establish ment of requirements for the education being funded. Standardized testing such as the spelling test devised by Joseph Rice is focused on ensuring that students are learning what the education system and itâ„ ¢s curriculum has set out to teach. This too was needed however the test must be aligned with a quality curriculum. Therefore, I see the first public high school as a major step forward in education because not only was higher education then available to all, additionally the school exemplified the importance of the quality of public education as well. It effectively created a model not only for modern high schools but I would venture to say a model also for public universities.

The Impact of the Real Estate in Dubai Economy

The Impact of the Real Estate in Dubai Economy Abstract This research project aims at finding out the real estate and construction sectors in Dubai. Currently Dubai is one of the emirates that form the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and currently it is the second largest emirate with massive economic opportunities after Abu Dhabi.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Impact of the Real Estate in Dubai Economy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Real estate sector in this emirate constitute the main economic artery that has resulted into transformation of the once desert country. Nevertheless evidence shows that with the change in property freehold rights, the emirate real estate sector experience boom until early 2008 before crashing and currently efforts are in gear to revive the sector. More so, the contribution of major real estate companies to the economy of Dubai cannot be ignored and further studies shows that the companies are mega-economy boosters to Dub ai economy. Therefore the conclusion of the research paper is that real estate sector is vital to Dubai economy and efforts to revive the sector from detriments of financial crises are necessary. Introduction Many people all over the world, in most instances, find it difficult to recognize that Dubai is a city and not a country. In viewing, studying or researching about Dubai, what comes in mind is that this is an independent country. In essence, this is not true, as Dubai constitute a prominent city in a country known as United Arab Emirates (Hill 2010). Geographically, Dubai is situated in a Persian Gulf country popularly known as United Arab Emirates (UAE), which, apart from having Dubai, has other six different emirates or principalities (Hill, 2010). The capital city of UAE is known as Abu Dhabi, and on large scale, the country is dominant in Islamic religion and culture. Population statistics from the country show that Dubai is the most populous of all the seven emirates with almost two million people (Hill, 2010). UAE economy depends much on oil and energy but data shows that Dubai’s economy depend less on these resources, and instead, much of the city’s economy depend on real estate and financial service industries together with tourism and trade (Hill 2010). Moreover, Dubai continues to draw the attention of the world due to its â€Å"bold and innovative real estate projects† (Hill, 2010, p.1). The emirate of Dubai experiences â€Å"hot climate, which is sometimes accompanied by humidity† (Hill, 2010). Notable warmest month is August that generally experiences a high temperature of 41.3 degrees; and the emirate is located inside the â€Å"Arabian Desert, and the landscape is dominated by sand, with wild grasses and some palm trees† (Hill 2010).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The official d eclared language of the emirate is Arabic though English has become another widely spoken language as a result of many non-Arabic foreigners in the emirate (Hill, 2010). The essence of this paper, guided by this brief history of Dubai, will be to investigate and evaluate the real estate in Dubai and the way it has contributed to the economy of the emirate and some of the real estate companies in this emirate. Objectives The objective of this research will center on: The economy of Dubai and how it has benefited from the real estate and construction economy. How Dubai construction and real estate has developed through history. How recent financial crises has affected the sector. How change in law has seen foreign rights of property ownership. Importance of investigating the subject Dubai is a first growing economy that is viewed to be nearing that of Singapore. Such resources as oil and natural gas have been associated with UAE but in the case of Dubai, these resources contribute a meager portion. Therefore, an adequate understanding of real estate and construction sector is important in understanding how this particular sector is continuing to grow and impacting Dubai economy. Research Objective The major research objective of the paper involves investigating the role real estate and construction sectors play to the Economy of Dubai. Other related objectives will include how change in law has revolutionalized the sector, the impact and contribution of the major three real estate companies to the economy, and the impact of financial crises to the crises. Literature Review Dubai’s Economy Dubai, which is one of the UAE’s emirates, has positively continued to contribute to the economy of the country where statistics shows that Dubai emirate account for almost 29.2 per cent of UAE’s GDP (Explorer Publishing, 2006). Since its foundation, Dubai relied on oil revenues that initially formed 50per cent of the emirate’s GDP, but as time has elapsed, the role of oil in Dubai economy has decline (Explorer Publishing, 2006). By the year 2004, oil accounted for 6 per cent of the emirate’s GDP and by the start of the year 2010 contribution of oil to the economy of Dubai had further dropped to one per cent. Authors describe Dubai as one of the unique and unusual regions of the world especially with regard to its economic structure. For instance, duties and imports have been eliminated on goods being imported to the Emirate, while at the same time numerous free zones exist such as Jebel Ali free zone, Dubai Maritime City, Dubai Internet City, and Dubai Media City (Caploe, 2010).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Impact of the Real Estate in Dubai Economy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The role of these free zones has been to attract foreign direct investment to the emirate. Currently, Dubai houses one of the largest buildings in the world known as Burj Khalifa and other notable buildings include Burj-al-Arab hotel (Caploe 2010). Literatures concerning Dubai postulate that for a long time, the rulers of the emirate knew that a time would reach when oil would run out and as a mitigation measure, there was need to diversify the economy (Explorer Publishing 2006). Today, Dubai prides itself in having a diverse economy that incorporates new sectors such as trade, manufacturing, transport, construction, and real estate as the main contributors to Dubai’s strong and growing economy (Explorer Publishing, 2006). Property and construction sectors contribute 22.6 per cent of the emirate’s economy; trade 16 per cent; shipping, warehousing and logistics account for 15 per cent; tourism contribute 11.6 per cent; financial services account for 11 per cent; and oil and natural gas account for 6 per cent (Caploe 2010). Further, Dubai’s vibrant and growing economy is seen to be benefiting from the strategic locat ion of the emirate, which acts as the prime location for re-exporting center in the Middle East. This is compounded by the fact that Dubai’s costs of operations and logistics are relatively low; the emirate has an international outlook due to numerous citizens of different countries who reside or conduct businesses in the emirate. Starting early this year, statistics showed that the economy of the emirates grew by 2.3 per cent during the first six months of the year where it was noted that trade and manufacturing improved a lot (Dubai Statistics Center 2010 cited in Reuters, 2010). At the same time, it was noted that the property sector again contributed greatly to the economy of the emirate by injecting about 11 per cent of its revenue to the economy although this was a reduction of 3 and 6 per cent as compared to 14 per cent and 17 per cent for 2009 and 2008 respectively (Reuters, 2010). According to the emirate’s economic predictions, they have placed economy to gro w at 2.3 per cent by the end of this year although the International Monetary Funds (IMF) had made its earlier predictions of 0.5 per cent (Reuters, 2010). Even with slight prospects in the economy appearing to be positive, there are still concerns about Dubai’s liabilities that are estimated to be about $115 billion.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Nevertheless, these concerns appear to have been â€Å"eased after Dubai World reached a deal in September to restructure almost $25 billion of debt† (Reuters, 2010). Other worries prevalent in the emirate revolves around a huge debt owed by vital firms in the emirate such as the Dubai Holdings that has a debt of almost $30 billion which will be maturing in the financial period of 2011-2012 (Reuters 2010). Real Estate Economy of Dubai Actual economic development of Dubai is believed to have gained momentum as from 1950s when the late Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum dredged the Dubai Creek, which in turn led to the expansion of the emirate and the loan he borrowed to expand the emirate repaid immediately to the Emir of Kuwait (United Arab Emirates 2004). Towards the end of 1959, Sheikh Rashid further established Dubai airport and built the pioneer hotel in Dubai in the same year. As a result of these actions by Sheikh Rashid, the first Dubai construction boom started in ear ly 1960, which in turn prompted increase in population of the emirate to about 120,000 people by the end of that decade (United Arab Emirates, 2004). The construction boom that was being experienced included the construction of Port Rashid which main feature was presence of five berth container terminals for big ships during the time and the discovery of oil in Dubai propelled these construction intentions (United Arab Emirates 2004). Further, property construction in Dubai continued in late 1990s as more notable and huge buildings were put up in the emirate that elevated the emirate to a global scale. Such new buildings included a seven-star Burj Al Arab hotel which is rated to be the tallest hotel in entire world while the Emirates Towers constructed during the same period tops as the tallest building in Europe and the Middle East (United Arab Emirates 2004). Sheikh Mohammed as the ruler of the emirate put more emphasis and facilitated development of real estate through the establ ishment of the publicly quoted Emaar Properties in 1997, which has evolved to become the biggest real estate company in Dubai; and in the same league, is the Nakheel Company, which is a Dubai government-owned company (United Arab Emirates 2004). In essence, Dubai’s property construction was greatly influenced by Sheikh Rashid that despite his death in 1990, his policies with regard to Dubai property construction remained a live. Size of Dubai’s real estate sector In 2002, Dubai property market was opened to foreigners and the property sector in the emirate started to experience growth and expansion. The initial road map for real estate boom was started by the launch of first phase of Emaar Properties Emirates Hills plan, which, within a short time had been grabbed by foreign investors (2 Day, Dubai n.d, p.1). The result of this is development of huge and new property eco-system in the emirate of Dubai account for 13 per cent of the emirate’s GDP in the prosperin g construction sector (2 Day Dubai n.d, p.1). During the year 2005, construction sector was the highest developed with a growth rate of 29 per cent followed closely with real estate sector at 22 per cent and currently the diversification projects in the emirate sees real estate as the main driver of Dubai’s economy. During the same period, as construction economy boomed, property prices were predicted to decrease due to slow down in the rush for building. But the same predictions indicated that the sector’s investment of â€Å"$50 billion of residential projects will be built in the next four years, including at least 85,000 new homes, according to research by EFG-Hermes, an Egyptian investment bank with offices in Dubai† (Hanware, 2005, p.1). The real sector further continues to experience growth in the emirate due to establishment of real estate companies such as Emaar Properties, Al-Nakheel, A-Ittihad, and Jumeirah both of which receive government support in their activities (Hanware, 2005). For example, according to Emaar, it had awarded a â€Å"$735.1 million contract to a consortium to build a shopping mall it says will be the worlds largest† (Hanware, 2005). The company had earlier, in January, won another contract to put up â€Å"a multi-billion dollar Dubai Waterfront real estate project which will be open to private and foreign investors† (Hanware 2005, p.1). On the other hand, another government supported Real Estate Company; Nakheel offered 49 per cent through Dubai Waterfront Co. â€Å"to develop the 8,100-hectare residential, tourism and commercial project† (Hanware 2005). Performance of real estate sector in Dubai Key factors have contributed to the success of Dubai’s real estate market, which include turbulence in the Western markets combined with low interest rate thus boosting Dubai property by making it attractive to investors; growing investments from Russia in the emirate and continued expan sion of the tourism sector, which is pushing demand for hospitality real estate (Oxford Business Group 2008). Demand for real estate in Dubai has primarily been stimulated by expansion of economy which in turn has triggered growth of the emirate’s population. At the same time, real estate sector has been boosted by the rising demand for properties from foreign investors especially after the partial liberalization of the sector in 2002, where property market has turned to be a popular investment among majority of investors (Oxford Business Group 2008). Another reason has to do with abundance of liquidity in the market which has contributed to the success of the sector. Liquidity of the market has further been supported and encouraged by high oil and gas prices in UAE. Research Methodology According to J. D. Raadt, author of ‘A Method and Software for Designing Viable Social Systems’, slight differences exist between method and methodology but in most cases, they a re used interchangeably. According to the author, methodology refers to the study of scientific thought; that is, it is the science of sciences (Raadt 2001). On the other hand, method is guided by methodology but in its capacity method deals with handling of information, that is collection of information, its organization, and manipulation for scientific purposes (Raadt, 2001). According to Morley D. Glicken, author of ,A Guide to Writing for Human Service Professionals’ methodology represent that part of research process concerned with description of how data collection is carried out, how sampling process progress, and also data collection procedures (Glicken, 2008). Methodology process to be employed in the research will largely be used to investigate the goals of the research study that include: how economy of Dubai has benefited from the real estate and construction economy; how Dubai construction and real estate has developed through history; how recent financial crises have affected the sector; how change in law has seen foreign rights of property ownership. The last three objectives have been answered through literature review and the methodology to be utilized will essentially answer the first question. Population and sample Nancy Burns and Susan K. Grove, authors of ‘the practice of nursing research: conduct, critique, and utilization’ defines population as totality of all elements, objects or substances that meet certain inclusion in a given universe (Burns and Grove 2005, p.40). A study may be conducted on firms, people and so on. On the other hand, sample has been defined as subset of the population selected for a particular study, while sampling represents the process and technique used for selecting a group of people, events, or other elements with which to conduct a study (Burns and Grove 2005). For this study, the population includes all companies in the real estate and construction economy of Dubai while the sample constit utes the three main large real estate companies in Dubai. Instrumentation Research instrumentation is regarded to be a component of measurement where measurement is defined as, â€Å"the process of assigning numbers to objects or events or situations in accord with some rule† (Burns and Grove 2005, P.40). As a result instrumentation refers to, â€Å"application of specific rules to the development of a measurement device or instrument† (Burns and Grove 2005, P.40). Generally selection of an instrument should be to examine a specific variable in a study and normally data generated with an instrument are at the nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio level of measurement (Burns and Grove 2005). More so, choice of any particular instrument requires wide examination of the instrument’s reliability and validity. Reliability is essentially concerned with how constantly the measurement technique measures a concept while validity of an instrument is the extent to which the instrument in reality reflects the theoretical concept being examined (Burns and Grove 2005). This research will employ case study strategy and instrumentation. According to an online article titled, ‘Research Methodology’ case studies are generally linked with qualitative research but in some instances can be used as a method of inquiry utilizing a positivist epistemology and ontology (Anonymous n.d). Yin (1994) observes that researchers involved in carrying out case studies sometimes may not necessary have to visit the organization they are researching on instead they can collect their data by consulting secondary sources or conducting interview of respondents through telephone or by email (cited in Anonymous n.d). Yin (1994) defines case study as, â€Å"an empirical inquiry that investigates a contemporary phenomenon within its real-life context, especially when boundaries between phenomenon and context are not clearly defined† (Anonymous n.d, p.83). Case stud y has been hailed and been found useful in situations where contextual conditions of the events being studied are critical and where the researcher has no control over the events as they unfold (Anonymous n.d). Advice given by numerous authors is that case study as a research strategy should include specific techniques for collecting and analyzing data, guided by precise stated theoretical assumptions. At the same time, data need to be collected from different sources and its integrity to be verified. The case study strategy is favored due to its usefulness for practice-based problems where the experience of the actors is important and the context of action is critical (Lee 1989; Galliers 1991 cited in Anonymous n.d). The selection of firms’ cases was based on two major reasons. First, the three firms are relative large in terms of asset and financial as compared to other firms therefore there contribution to Dubai economy is big; second, in the three firms, the Dubai governm ent has shares in the firms hence there presence and operation in the market is seen to be directly linked to the economy of the emirate. Therefore compared to other methods, case study is seen to be suitable for this kind of research on Dubai real estate and construction sector. Analysis and Research Finding Data generated through case studies is largely qualitative in nature. Therefore, qualitative techniques of analysis will be employed. According to Ian Dey, author of ‘Qualitative Data Analysis: A User Friendly Guide for Social Scientists’ states that data analysis involves the act of breaking data down into small bits and the process can be defined as the process of resolving data into its constituent components, to reveal its characteristic elements and structure (Dey 2003). Most techniques employed in qualitative analysis are based on description and according to the author, â€Å"the core of qualitative analysis lies in these related processes of describing phe nomena, classifying it, and seeing how our concepts interconnect† (Dey 2003, p.31). The first step in qualitative analysis is to generate and develop thorough and comprehensive descriptions of the phenomenon under study. Popular known as ‘thick’ description, qualitative analysis generally involves description of information about the context of an act, the intentions and meanings that organize action, and its subsequent evolution (Denzin 1978 cited in Dey 2003). Within this pretext description includes is normally carried out involving the context of action, the intentions of the actor, and the process in which action is embedded thus in most cases qualitative analysis usually aims to produce thorough descriptions in each of the above outlined cases. Dubai’s real estate economy Contribution of real estate sector to the economy has been evident through establishment of real estate companies, which today dominate property and construction projects in the emir ate. Dubai’s Number of Real Estate Businesses by the year 2003 Source: Roumi et al. 2004 Expected Growth Revenue for Real Estate firms between 2003-2004 Source: Roumi et al. 2004 Emaar Properties Limited Emaar Properties Limited was established in 1997, and since then, it has established its presence in Dubai as a local property giant, which in 2005 became the number one real estate company in the whole world in terms of market capitalization (Dubsky 2006). A part from having heavy presence in real estate industry, the company has expanded its activities and invested in other industries such as hospitality, leisure, retail, education, finance, and healthcare (Dubsky 2006). Currently, the company is listed on the Dubai Financial Market as a Public Joint Stock Company and the growth of the company reflects the strong demand of residential properties in Dubai and the resultant increase in associated prices. With regard to revenue reports, in 2005 the company had a revenue base of $2,276 million which increased to $3,813 million in 2006 and in 2007 the revenue increased to $4,782 million and this represented a growth rate of 48 per cent in three years for the revenue (Al-Abed, Vine and Hellyer 2004). As part of its real estate projects, the company has ten major real estate projects that it has been developing. They include: Dubai Marina; Arabian Ranches; Emirates Hills; The Meadows; The Springs; The Lakes; The Greens; and Emaar Towers (Al-Abed, Vine and Hellyer 2004). At the same time the company owns and manages the Gold and Diamond Park with high prospects accrued to the company as a result of â€Å"construction of Burj Dubai the tallest skyscraper and largest shopping center in the world† (Al-Abed, Vine and Hellyer 2004). A part from pursuing its expansion of business ventures plans and taking part in high-quality real estate development, the company â€Å"owns and manages four subsidiaries: Dubai Bank, Amlak Finance, Emrill Services and Sahm Technologies† (Al-Abed, Vine and Hellyer 2004). Emaar Properties has not just concentrated in Dubai market but it is expanding its operation to other Middle East and Asian countries especially after the launch of its Vision 2010 which postulates the company’s ambition to become one of the most valuable companies in the world through geographical expansion and business segmentation. Therefore the contributions of Emaar Properties to Dubai’s economy are enormous. Currently this company with large capitalization than any other company has become an effective driver of Dubai Economy through growth and progress and today Dubai has transformed its status to one of the globe’s most vibrant and cosmopolitan cities. In Dubai Emaar’s growth is associated to success stories of lifestyle communities, effective established suburbs in the desert, and re-shaped Dubai’s map of skyline by offering the emirate’s growing population urban cosmopolitan li festyle. In short Emaar’s developments and properties have been integral to the economic growth and prosperity of Dubai and the contribution of the company continue to expand the economy of the emirate (Boermeester n.d). Al-Nakheel Company Another giant real estate company in Dubai, Al Nakheel Properties also known as Nakheel Corporation, has been rated to be among the popular and resource-endowed real estate companies in Dubai. The company mainly deals in freehold properties in the emirate and the company’s â€Å"real estate development ranges into residential, tourist, commercial and retail property† (Ten Real Estate, 2010, p.1). The company, since its inceptions, operates under the Corporate Office where it is mandated with the responsibility of managing numerous real estate projects on the behalf of the Dubai government. Real estate properties under the management and development of the company include: â€Å"Palms Island that comprises Palm Jumeirah, Palm Jebel Ali, and Palm Deira; The World Island; Dubai Waterfront; The Gardens; Jumeirah Lake Towers, Discovery Gardens, Lost City, Jumeirah Islands; Jumeirah Village; The International City; Jewel of the Palm; The Palm Golden Mile; Palm Trump International Hotel and Tower, and the Ibn Battuta Mall† (Ten Real Estate 2010, p.1). In accordance to the first growing and developments taking place in Dubai, Nakheel has become a critical player in ensuring the emirate achieves its vision in the 21st century by creating a world-class destination for business operations and tourism activities. Due to crashing of the real estate and hence the economy of Dubai, the company early this initiated a program of pumping Dh 4 billion into the local economy of Dubai. And as Mena would state later, â€Å"the effect of Nakheel, having played an important role in the evolution of Dubais and indeed the regions real estate market, getting back into the action is good news† (Anonymous 2010, p.1). F urther, Mena observes that, â€Å"Dubai has continued building its infrastructure over the last two years and the city now can accommodate significantly more economic activity and Nakheel has played an important part in this† (Anonymous, 2010, p.1). Today, Nakheel’s creditors involves over â€Å"1,000 contractors, suppliers, designers and all other related consultants involving more than 4,000 contracts† (Anonymous, 2010, p.1). As a government owned company, Al Nakheel Properties will continue to be an essential arm to the economy of Dubai. Following the financial crisis and real estate crush the company was faced with financial woos a scenario that prompted the government of Dubai to bail the company from this menace. The government commitment was that it would inject about $ 9.5 billion into the Dubai World with the aim of rescuing the company since the company had become through its many projects in the emirate, a chief conglomerate that had changed and recap tured the image of Dubai as a hub for business activities and tourist destination (Surk and Schreck 2010, p.1). Stating and commending on this move by the government, Sheikh Ahmed bin Saeed Al Maktoum, the chairman of Dubai’s supreme fiscal committee noted that, â€Å"the support for Nakheel aims to ensure Dubai World and property development company gets back to normal as it has been a key contributor to the strong economic future of the Emirate of Dubai and the wider United Arab Emirates† (Surk and Schreck 2010, p.1). In short, Nakheel Company will remain as the backbone real estate company following Emaar in contributing and sustaining emirate’s economy through their numerous real estate projects and other related economic activities. Dubai Holdings Company Dubai Holdings was founded in 2004 and currently the company is comprised of some twenty companies that undertake diverse investment opportunities in energy, shipping, healthcare, media, finance, and real estate (Oxford Business Group, 2008). One of the company’s international subsidiaries is the Sama Dubai, which has a global net investment capacity in terms of revenue of almost $38 billions. The subsidiary further manages local, regional and global real estate investments on behalf of Dubai Holdings. The Dubai government has considerable shares in the company. Dubai holdings have been attached to the Dubai’s dream of becoming a regional and international economic powerhouse. In 2007, Tunishia’s president Zine El Abidine Ben Ali and the ruler of Dubai Mohammed Bin Rashid Al Maktoum entered into an agreement that was to see Dubai Holdings initiate one of the biggest real estate investment in the history of Tunisia where the company would be granted the opportunity to develop an area of 830 hectares on the shores of Tunis’s Lac Sud (Oxford Business Group 2008). Currently, operations being overseen by Dubai Holdings with regard to real estate investment incl ude buildings of towers that are being facilitated under the Dubai Towers brand, large and huge resorts undertaken under the Salam brand, business investment and developments, jumbo malls and other high-profile projects (Agnew, 2006). Further, the company has extended its real estate investments projects to Morocco where in 2007 it injected about $12 billion in Moroccan real estate that confined to constructing major cities in the country (Agnew 2006). The numerous real estate and other related investments by the company have promoted the company as one of the biggest real estate companies in that its activities have continued to give life to the economy of Dubai. Conclusion and Recommendations Summary Real estate sector is the biggest income-generating sector and continues to service Dubai’s economy greatly. It has been described as Dubai’s dynamic and driving force for the emirate’s economy. The emirate of Dubai is today one of the world’s ‘super- place’ due to its excellent and magnificent sky-buildings. The emirate which is largely a desert has transformed into a busy business hub, a one-stop tourist center and other high placed activities. Today some economists’ and political economists’ asserts that the economy of the emirate may soon be on the same pace with that of Singapore as more economic activities continue to take place in the emirate. With exceptional, real estate sector remains the artery of Dubai’s economic growth and prosperity and the government recognized and boosted this sector when in2002 it passed partial property freehold rights that for the first time gave foreign investors partial rights to buy and own property. The growth of this sector has been promising until 2008 when it crashed and to extend slowed the pace of growth in the sector. Nevertheless, given the importance all stakeholders in the emirate have attached to the sector concerted efforts in form of numerous recovery initiatives have been undertaken to rescue the sector, and though the sector is yet to note and experience full growth, numerous predictions indicate that it may not take long before the sector regain its earlier position and hence the contribution to the economy will be enormous. In essence the prospects of the real estate sector are positive an will be boosted by the recent Land department initiatives which aims to registers all built and un-built property and this has been perceived to be putting back confidence among investors. Recommendations In summary, it can be recommended that the emirate need to improve and better its legal system with regard to foreign investors where legal rights of foreign investors should be assured through appropriate legislations. Regulatory environment for real estate and construction sector should be improved to embrace policies that are more flexible. Appendix Real Estate Research Sample of Interview Checklist/Questionnaires Name of Company: Ty pe of activity: Purchasing and selling Management Brokerage Date of establishing the company: What is your evaluation for the real estate market as per quality and quantity? What is the volume of the real estate investment in Dubai and UAE? What are the market trends in the coming period as per quantity and quality? In consistence with the requirements of the coming period, what are the scopes of services you are ready to render? What are the most attractive areas in Dubai in terms of real estate investments? What are the factors behind stimulating customers in the real estate market (location, services, prices, others)? What do you think about the general environment of the real estates in Dubai as per the government legislations, finance instruments, labor and human resources, competition? What are the factors of influence in the real estates market and what is the extent of this influence? To what extent the real estates sector is affected with the other productive sectors? Wh at are the effects of real estates projects that have emerged in the recent years upon the market in general? In your opinion, are there any specific obstacles facing the real estates market in Dubai? Do you suggest any solutions? What are the most prevalent finance methods and what are the problems facing the landlords in getting the finance? What are your recommendations to develop the sector market? Reference List 2 Day Dubai. N.d. Dubai Property Sector. Web. Agnew, R., 2006. Dubai Holding launches real estate operation. Arabian Business News. Web. Available from:  https://www.arabianbusiness.com/dubai-holding-launches-real-estate-operation-208963.html . Al-Abed, I., Vine, P., and Hellyer, P., 2004. United Arab Emirates yearbook 2005. Trident Press Ltd. Web. Available from:  https://books.google.com/books?id=75VA3rU2sVQCpg=PT131dq=Emaar+Properties+companyhl=enei=tWrvTOrNB4vEswbSyLyLCwsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=Emaar%20Properties%20companyf=false . Anon ymous. N.d. Research Methodology. Web. Anonymous. 2010. Nakheel allots Dh 4billion to restart projects. Gulf News. Web. Boermeester, S., N.d. Best of Dubai. NY: Global Village Productions Ltd. Web. Available from:  https://books.google.com/books?id=K-N7zOHsQHUCpg=PA287dq=Emaar+Properties+companyhl=enei=IHbvTP-HPIGClAeRoPmjDQsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=Emaar%20Properties%20companyf=true . Burns, N. and Grove, S. K., 2005. The practice of nursing research: conduct, critique, and utilization. PA, Elsevier Health Sciences. Web. Available from:  https://books.google.com/books?id=vj_LZ6w2kXoCpg=PA40dq=research+population+and+samplehl=enei=xlH1TN3OKpWH4gbx-bioBwsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=research%20population%20and%20samplef=true . Caploe, D., 2010. Dubai Economy. Economy Watch: Economic, Investment and Finance Reports. Web. Available from:  economywatch.com/world_economy/dubai/ . Dey, I., 2003. Qualitative Data Analysis: A User Friendly G uide for Social Scientists. NY, Routledge. Web. Available from:  https://books.google.com/books?id=_CldPVi2g1cCprintsec=frontcoverdq=qualitative+data+analysis+techniqueshl=enei=wGP1TOHLCKCO4gaGrPW9Bwsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=qualitative%20data%20analysis%20techniquesf=false . Dubsky, A., 2006. Emaar takes on the global challenge. Middle East, No.367, pp.34. Web. Glicken, M. D., 2008. A Guide to Writing for Human Service. Rowman Littlefield. Web. Available from: https://books.google.com/books?id=R2TZMXm2_YMCpg=PA149dq=writing+methodology+section+of+research+paperhl=enei=XiH1TJnYAtqM4gaJ5tDHBwsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=writing%20methodology%20section%20of%20research%20paperf=true . Hanware, K., 2005. Will Dubai’s Real Estate Bubble Burst? Arab News. Web. Hill, A., 2010. What Country is Dubai In? Web. Available from:  https://www.wisegeek.com/what-country-is-dubai-in.htm . Oxford Business Group. 2008. The Report: Dubai 2008. UK , Oxford Business Group. Web. Available from:  https://books.google.com/books?id=tw6DedF0Hq4Cpg=PA137dq=real+estate+in+Dubaihl=enei=rRPuTKX_BcKP4QbewpiUDAsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=real%20estate%20in%20Dubaif=false . Raadt, J. D. R., 2001. A Method and Software for Designing Viable Social Systems. Universal-Publishers. Web. Available from:  https://books.google.com/books?id=1mmjtHRuzPECpg=PA1dq=method+and+methodologyhl=enei=vEX1TILxGcaK4Qb4n9jsBgsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=method%20and%20methodologyf=true . Roumi, J. et al. 2004. Real Estate Sector in Dubai. Web. Available from:  dubaichamber.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/Real-Estate-Sector-in-Dubai-eng.pdf . Reuters. 2010. Dubai economy grew 2.3 per cent in first half. The Economic Times. Web. Surk, B., and Schreck, A., 2010. Dubai Offers $9.5 Billion to aid struggling firm. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Web. Ten Real Estate. 2010. Property Developers: Al Nakheel Properties. Web. Avail able from:  http://realestate.theemiratesnetwork.com/developers/al_nakheel_properties.php . United Arab Emirates. 2004. A Short History of Dubai Property. Web. Available from:  https://www.ameinfo.com/industry/real-estate/a-short-history-of-dubai-property-part .

Biography of Artist Romare Bearden

Biography of Artist Romare Bearden   Overview Visual artists Romare Bearden portrayed African-American life and culture in various artistic mediums. Bearden’s work as a cartoonist, painter, and collage artist spanned the Great Depression and post-Civil Rights Movement. Following his death in 1988, The New York Times wrote in its obituary of Bearden that he was â€Å"one of America’s most pre-eminent artists† and â€Å"the nation’s foremost collagist.† Achievements Established the 306 Group, an organization for African-American artists in Harlem.Co-wrote the jazz classic, â€Å"Sea Breeze,† which was later recorded by Billy Eckstine and Dizzy Gillespie.Elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letters in 1966.Elected to the National Institute of Arts and Letters in 1972.Elected to the National Academy of Design as an associate member in 1978.Awarded the National Medal of Arts in 1987.Established the Bearden Foundation to provide support to young visual artists.Listed as one of Molefi Kete Asante’s 100 Greatest African Americans. Early Life and Education Romare Bearden was born on September 9, 1912 in Charlotte, N.C.   At an early age, Bearden’s family moved to Harlem. His mother, Bessye Bearden was the New York editor for the Chicago Defender. Her work as a social activist allowed Bearden to be exposed to artists of the Harlem Renaissance at an early age. Bearden studied art at New York University and as a student, he drew cartoons for the humor magazine, Medley. During this time, Bearden also freelanced with newspapers such as Baltimore Afro-American, Collier’s, and the Saturday Evening Post, publishing political cartoons and drawings. Bearden graduated from New York University in 1935. Life as an Artist Throuhgout Bearden’s career as an artist, he was heavily influenced by African-American life and culture as well as jazz music. Following his graduation from New York University, Bearden was attending the Art Students League and working with expressionist George Grosz. It was during this time that Bearden became an abstract collage artist and painter. Bearden’s early paintings often depicted African-American life in the South. His artistic style was influenced heavily by muralists such as Diego Rivera and Jose Clemente Orozco. By the 1960s, Bearden was innovative art works that incorporated acrylics, oils, tiles, and photographs. Bearden was heavily influenced by 20th century artistic movements such as cubism, social realism and abstraction. By the 1970s, Bearden continued to depict African-American life through the use of ceramic tilings, paintings and collage. For instance, in 1988, Bearden’s collage â€Å"Family,† inspired a larger artwork that was installed at the Joseph P. Addabbo Federal Building in New York City. Bearden was also heavily influenced by the Caribbean in his work. The lithograph â€Å"Pepper Jelly Lady,† portrays a woman selling pepper jelly in front of a wealthy estate. Documenting African-American Artistry In addition to his work as an artist, Bearden wrote several books on African-American visual artists. In 1972, Bearden coauthored â€Å"Six Black Masters of American Art† and â€Å"A History of African-American Artists: From 1792 to Present† with Harry Henderson. In 1981, he wrote â€Å"The Painter’s Mind† with Carl Holty. Personal Life and Death Bearden died on March 12, 1988 from complications from bone marrow. He was survived by his wife, Nanete Rohan. Legacy In 1990, Bearden’s widow established The Romare Bearden Foundation. The purpose was to preserve and perpetuate the legacy of this preeminent American artist.   In Bearden’s hometown, Charlotte, there is a street named in his honor along with a collage of glass tiles called â€Å"Before Dawn† at the local library and the Romare Bearden Park.

Coaching and Performance Improvement Analysis Essay

Coaching and Performance Improvement Analysis - Essay Example In this paper, I am going to talk about the coaching and performance improvement I have undertaken with the Production Supervisor of our organization. He had been hired three months ago after our previous supervisor left very abruptly for a competing organization with just a month’s notice. However, since he had served for five years with the organization he was allowed to leave without too much fuss. Since he had left in the middle of the year the Human Resources Department did not have much time or choice but to hire a candidate with experience from a related but different industry. It was thought that owing to the candidate’s experience, he would soon pick up the skills and knowledge about the production function but sadly he has not been able to come up to the mark after even three months on the job. Productivity is suffering and as the Training and Development Manager I had been asked to step in and give the supervisor the required coaching so as to improve his und erstanding of the skills needed in the textile business (he has come in from the engineering sector and had been overseeing the production of motorcycle parts) as the situation is a little different here. Although he does have the required level of interest and understanding, he is a little apprehensive about taking charge of the workers who are aware of his inexperience in the textile sector and sometimes exploit this situation to their advantage. To cover his lack of skills he has developed an authoritative attitude which does not settle well with the older and more experienced staff. Analysis of the Root Causes of His Production Deficiency After a close observation and personality analysis of the Production Supervisor I have come to the conclusion that he just needs a little coaching to come up to the expectations of management regarding the task assigned to him. Although it seems that he is in the wrong industry, I am confident from what I have observed about him that he can soo n come up to the requirements of the job even though the industry he represented in the past is far removed from this present one. The basic requirements of managing the production process are to schedule the production process in terms of orders placed and deliveries to be made or shipments to be affected as per schedule is already known in advance. Although his lack of skills and knowledge is evident for the time being in this industry, the real issue is that he is trying to compensate by being authoritative and a perfectionist, afraid of taking a wrong step and not knowing fully about the alternatives available to him. He is frustrated because his efforts to take charge are not being appreciated by the older and more experienced employees under his control, as they were used to managing the function with a minimum of interference. However in his zest to contribute, he likes to be seen as doing something most of the time. There is no lack of motivation, but one can see that his me thods to take charge are not working with some staff. I could have intervened directly with the staff on his behalf, but would rather he do it himself.

Putting a price on carbon is the best solution for climate change Essay

Putting a price on carbon is the best solution for climate change - Essay Example e provisions for the trading of emissions at the international scope was introduced by the Kyoto Protocol and despite the expiry of this protocol, carbon trading is set to continue (Newell, Pizer & Raimi, 2013). Underpinning the need for carbon pricing is because most countries have no costs associated with the polluting activities and sources and that currently, there are no limits to the amount of pollution that nations can discharge into the atmosphere (World Bank Group, 2014). Therefore, carbon pricing can act as the regulatory mechanism for controlling the amounts of greenhouse gas emissions from all countries around the world. Some of the most common methods for putting a price on carbon include carbon taxation and the cap-and-trade approach (Grubb, 2012). The cap-and-trade approach involves the government setting up caps on emissions from a particular pollutant, for instance CO2, from a group of pollutants like power plants while carbon tax is the fee imposed on greenhouse gas pollution especially from fossil fuels (Hood, 2013). Thus, the aim of this research is to support that statement that argues that putting price on carbon is the best solution to climate change by encouraging the adoption of cleaner energy sources that are more efficient, cost-friendly and environmentally friendly. Though carbon pricing is being focused on as the solution to climate change, critiques believe that this is an ambiguous decision by the developed countries to escape the responsibility of being the major pollutants and share the costs with other countries that emit fewer greenhouse gasses (Jenkins, 2014). Some non-governmental organisations argue that carbon pricing is creating carbon markets that will give the stakeholders the right and permit to pollute. Besides, a handful of civil societies, Carbon Trade Watch included, have on many occasions criticised the establishment of carbon markets because they barely reduce greenhouse gas emissions at their sources and this

Ethics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ethics - Research Paper Example Research ethics can be defined as the application of basic ethical principles to the subject of study. It includes designing and implementation of the research, human trialing, experimentation on animals, and various other aspects of research. It is also very much crucial to consider the ethical codes prior to carry out the task of research design for data collection. Generally there are three objectives in a research ethics they are protecting the participants, conducting the research in such a way that it serves the purpose of the society on a whole and finally to ensure that research actions are ethically sound. However in the context of social and behavioral research there are many incidents where we find there is a lack of ethical soundness in the research. History of Ethical Principles in Research The Nuremberg trial addressed the experimentation of human being in the context of patient’s right and protection of the human subjects. The code includes:- a) Researches that are based on human must be trialed on animals. b) Risks should be according to the perceived benefits. c) The researches that are based on humans must be carried out by qualified research. ... Belmont Report The Belmont report was developed by ‘National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research’. It was issued during the year 1979 (â€Å"The Belmont Report†). The report summarizes the primary ethical principles and guidelines that should help in the process of determining the ethical issues. The report is divided into two sections namely 1) Limitations between research and practice. 2) Fundamental ethical principles. Regulations and Social and Behavioral Sciences A research review committee is an Institutional Review Board (IRB) must make certain that human research subject needs to be protected. Therefore the questions that should be asked are:- Is the subject of study reasonable? Whether the risks are minimized or not? Whether the risks are justified according to the benefits? Is there a map to control and monitor the security and safety of the subject of study? Assessing Risk in Social and Behavioral Scienc e There are many associated risks with the study of social and behavioral science. Therefore some of the possible risks could be violation of confidentiality, breach of the procedure of study, inaccurate predictions and also the gauged result. However the risks are actually psychological, social, economical and sometimes physical. Informed Consent The participants of the research study must be given sufficient information regarding the study so that they can decide whether to take part or not. They should be informed because the research needs continuous involvement of the participants. Privacy and Confidentiality Any psychological or behavioral research needs high privacy as it mostly deals with secret matters. Moreover discretion and solitude is an important factor in research (Dantzker and

Critical Analysis of a Historical Science Assignment

Critical Analysis of a Historical Science - Assignment Example In DNA data is stored in codes consisting four chemical elements: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine(C) and thymine (T) (Watson, 2004). However, we realize that, in human beings, DNA consists of more than a billion elements, which are mostly similar in all humans. The order in which these elements appear determines the availability of elements to build and sustain a being. This can be likened to the order of letters that forms different words and sentences. The four DNA elements combine in a predetermined sequence, that is, A binds with T while C binds with G. This results in the arrangement of elements called base pairs. The ratio of adenine to thymine, and guanine to cytosine govern the pattern of DNA. Further, each element attaches itself to a sugar molecule and phosphate molecule to form a nucleotide. These nucleotides are then aligned in two strands to form a double helix, which is spiral in shape running in an anti-parallel manner. These arrangements are referred to as chromoso mes, which during the process of DNA replication, divide and are copied or replicated to develop more chromosomes. This results in all cells consisting enough chromosomes to support life fully. The key element of DNA is that it is capable of replicating itself to make millions of copies. A DNA strand in a double helix is the prototype for copying the series of bases. This is of paramount importance in cell division as the newly created cells need to obtain a similar DNA trait as the old cell. DNA together with macromolecules such as proteins, lipids and carbohydrates are essential in the establishment and maintenance of any life form, RNA viruses being the exception. The genetic code is the system used in reading the material contained in DNA. The genetic code spells out plan of amino acids which form proteins in the body and is studied by replicating existing DNA strands to RNA acid. This is done through a process referred to as transcription. Beings such as animals, fungi and plan ts, also referred to as eukaryotic organisms gather their DNA in the nucleus, mitochondria or chloroplast of their cells. On the other hand, beings such as bacteria and other single celled organisms commonly referred to as prokaryotes collect their DNA in the cytoplasm. The organization and packing of DNA in cells is tasked upon alkaline based proteins referred to as chromatin. These proteins include histones. Hydrogen bonds between nucleotides help to stabilize DNA; however, we note that interfacing nucleobases in a process referred to as base-stacking is also essential in steadying the DNA helixes. There are two classes of nucleobases, these are: purines which are formed when A and G are combined in the ratio of five to six and pyrimidines formed when six C and T bases combine (Watson, 2004). Biotechnicians examine the characteristics if nuclear based acids through a technology referred to as nucleic acid analogues. These techniques are typically used by medical and biology resear chers. Furthermore, we note that the arrangement of DNA is referred to as sense which is copied to its RNA and, on the other hand, antisense is the term used to refer to the arrangement of DNA on the reverse side. However, it is common for both sense and antisense to appear in a single strand of DNA. RNA antisenses are churned out in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, these RNA antisenses are mandated with controlling gene expression in the process of RNA-RNA base pairing which is quite similar to the base pairing process in DNA